Comparison Of Memory Models Psychology Essay

Examination Of Memory Models Psychology Essay This task is going to look at the multi-store model Atkinson and shiffrins (1968) and levels of preparing Craik and Lockhart (1972) there is proof to help the two speculations and proof against. The article will right off the bat portray the multi-store model with a few examinations including Baddeley (1966) Peterson and Peterson (1959) and afterward a short depiction of the degrees of handling model with Craik and Tulvings(1971) and Tyler et al (1979) concentrates at that point will end with an assessment of the two models The multi-store model was the principal hypothesis of its sort, it was made to consider the manner in which memory is handled, and how we hold and store data and why some data remains with us for our entire life and other data is lost. Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968) accepted that when we take care of data it at that point goes into various stores and this decides if the data gets encoded into our drawn out memory or momentary memory. (Grahame Hill 2001) So right off the bat when data goes into our tangible store (tactile store meaning anything we contact, see , smell or hear) we have two or three seconds to take care of the data on the off chance that not the data will be lost always but rather whenever took care of, at that point it will become encoded into our momentary memory . Anyway in any event, when data is in our momentary memory on the off chance that its not practiced, at that point it can in any case be uprooted however on the off chance that practice has occurred, at that point its bound to be put away in our drawn out memory The Baddeley( 1966 ) study underpins the multi-store model, he set out to accomplish data on climate encoding in momentary memory was acoustic or semantic. He gave his subjects a rundown of four letter words. The rundowns were acoustically comparative and divergent and semantically comparative and different. He at that point read out the words multiple times, following the subjects was given a rundown containing all the words he had perused out however out of order their undertaking was to revamp the words once more into the right request this was to test the momentary memory His members that had been given acoustically comparative had most noticeably awful review with just 10% of review of words being in the right request and the remainder of the rundowns got a 60% to 80% review so hence transient memory has better acoustic encoding recollections. So this examination underpins the multi-store that we have a transient memory store. Generally the result is that multi-store model is the fundamental clarification of memory and is shortsighted and Baddeleys hypothesis recommend that the momentary memory is increasingly unpredictable.( Barbara woods 2004) Peterson and Peterson (1959 ) is likewise another hypothesis that bolsters Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 ) multi-store model with respect to momentary memory their examination tried the length of transient memory. They assembled various subjects and given them garbage trigrams ( ptr, rtw) they tried review following three second spans and afterward tried review following eighteen second stretches. This was to determine whether the data got encoded into their tactile store or momentary memory.( wwwcom) Their finding was that the subjects got a more noteworthy review 90% on the three second span and just 2% on the eighteen second stretch. This demonstrated we have a poor recollections when we dont have a verbal practice which concurs with Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 ) hypothesis that you need to practice data for it to be encoded into our memory stores Additionally there is Craik and Lockharts (1968) model that proposes that practice isn't the main type of memory and that its increasingly unpredictable so they considered the profundities of handling. This demonstrated indeed that the multi store model was excessively shortsighted. (Richard gross and Geoff rolls 2003) The multi-store model clarification is essential and it just clarifies encoding, stockpiling and recovery. Its an extremely oversimplified hypothesis that different physiologists have expounded on. Baddeleys ( 1966) hypothesis upheld the multi-store model that we have two separate memory stores present moment and long haul. The multi-store model doesn't clarify why we can recall data in our transient memory that we have not practiced. Levels of preparing Levels of preparing was made as an elective that tested Atkinson and shiffrins multi-store model Craik and Lockhart (1971) contended that practice alone couldn't clarify how individuals put away data in their drawn out memory, so they set out to demonstrate that data is progressively significant when its increasingly important. Craik and Lockhart (1971) accepted that it was down to how an individual prepared this data; the more profound it gets imbedded then progressively chance that it will get encoded into the drawn out memory and that they was three kinds of continuing Organization, Distinctiveness and elaboration. To demonstrate this they did an examination. (Richard gross and Geoff rolls 2003) Craik and Tulving(1971) assembled various subjects and indicated them a rundown of 5 letter things and afterward posed inquiries about the words. Questions was in three unique styles case rhyme and sentence questions, case question; would be is the word in capitals, rhyme question; does the word cap rhyme with the word and in conclusion sentence question; would the word cap fit into the sentence; the .. Is down the road. The subjects could just answer yes or no to the inquiries. Craik and Tulving (1971) at that point considered the discoveries, audit the appropriate responses that the subjects have given to discover which has the more prominent review so there for a more profound degree of preparing (Grahame slope 2001) (Richard gross and Geoff Rolls 2003) Their discoveries was supportive of sentence addresses which falls under semantic handling with the subjects recollecting 70% of the words so semantic preparing has a superior review at that point rhyme question which is phonemic preparing with the subjects recollecting 35% of the words for review and shallow handling the least with just 15% of the words being reviewed. So shallow handling takes less pondering and thus the data will be more averse to be put away in your drawn out memory. Phonemic the subjects needed to ponder the appropriate response, so a portion of the data got in encoded and semantic was the best generally speaking because of the way that the subjects needed to think considerably more so the data got encoded further so had the best review. (Nicky Hayes and sue Orrel 193l) Their are different examinations that have been made that have concurred and couldn't help contradicting Craik Lockhart(1971) hypothesis that its everything down to the profundity of handling to which you get review . a hypothesis that couldn't help contradicting the hypothesis was Tyler et al (1979) He did an exploratory investigation which included re-arranged words. two sets. One troublesome model rtoodc and one simple model doctro. Presently if Craik and Lockharts hypothesis was to be legitimized the subjects ought to have thought of a similar outcome as its a similar word so the profundity of the encoding ought to be the equivalent, so review ought to be the equivalent. The subjects showed signs of improvement review with the harder re-arranged word which recommends that the additional time you pay and exertion will show signs of improvement review. Levels of handling considers the impacts of preparing not simply practice and explains on more profound preparing, association, uniqueness and elaboration. Levels of preparing gives us approaches to improve memory discovering data that is particular. A contention against this hypothesis is who characterizes what profound handling is? Furthermore if semantic handling produces better review in this manner semantic preparing must be more profound prompting better review so its a round contention. Memory is a mind boggling framework with a tremendous measure of different therapists undertaking studies to attempt to discover an understanding into how we recollect data. The multi-store model even thou its an exceptionally fundamental and shortsighted it was an incredible first endeavor at getting memory and gave future clinicians some place to begin from. Atkinson and Shiffrins (1978) model doesn't clarify why some data needn't bother with practice yet at the same time gets encoded into our memory. Anyway in any event, when practice has occurred, its not in every case enough to move the data from present moment to long haul memory store. Despite the fact that with levels of handling the model is progressively expressive and investigates the various kinds of preparing. Be that as it may, the model doesn't clarify why these various sorts of handling lead to all the more likely review. Craik and Lockharts (1972) hypothesis likewise accept that semantic handling is more profound the n phonemic however there is no proof to demonstrate this. In this way the two models have shortcomings and both have proof that supports and backs up the models. The multi-store model is continually going to be the essential hypothesis that different clinicians expound on and along these lines this task is more for the multi-store model at that point levels of handling because of the way that there is more proof to help that there is distinctive memory stores and that when we get data it at that point gets encoded and whenever practiced quite possibly the data will at that point be put away into our present moment or long haul memory store.

Dystopian Society, V for Vendetta

V for Vendetta History tends to rehash itself. One of humanity’s most famous methods of expressing what is on its mind is through savagery. At the point when words are not, at this point enough to contend a point, human setbacks straightforwardly take care of the issue, yet emblematically make an impression on each one of those influenced also. Similarly as the American states battled against the British for Freedom when their voice was not, at this point heard, and similarly as the Islamic radicals utilized fear mongering to send a malevolent message to America, both V and Chancellor Sutler utilized brutality to increase a voice in a universe of turmoil. In the film V for Vendetta the watcher is invited to an oppressed world where the legislature controls its residents, however evacuates their security, social equality, general opportunities, and even manages what sorts of nourishments, occupations, and materials one is permitted. As the plot moves along, Chancellors Sutler’s activities to arrive at this oppressed world are uncovered. His utilization of organic fighting against the â€Å"weak† minorities of England was savage, however pitiless, unfeeling, and sickening. His goals were not for the prosperity of his nation, however for his own childish voracity and control. Chancellor Sutler had the option to exploit the turmoil, vulnerability, and dread inside the world and control the lives of his kin with lies and a nonexistent expectation. Then again, V took the dread that despite everything existed in peoples’ minds, however helped them to acknowledge they shouldn’t be apprehensive. In his plot to recover control on November Fifth he did made what could be his most significant move. He gave a broadly communicated discourse to the residents of his nation, uncovering and helping the residents to remember England what their administration was doing to them. He helped them to recuperate the way this new life, this life that they had gotten acquainted with, had thought about typical, was not in actuality a nation where â€Å"England would prevail,† but instead a nation which required a face, and a thought. V gradually made a mayhem, however not a confusion for the individuals, one for the legislature. V had the option to reverse the situation and help those to remember well known sway, power in numbers. These activities were all tranquil, in spite of the fact that V found it important to straightforwardly grab hold of the wellspring of the nations masked disturbance. His killings and deaths of the individuals mindful sent not another message of dread, yet a message of genuine expectation, and an improvement. Albeit both V’s and Sutler’s goals of mischief and expectation were all out alternate extremes, it’s difficult to deny the way that their activities were comparative. While V focuses on the administration and Chancellor Sutler pulverizes the nation’s security, both use brutality to let those clueless hear what couldn’t be heard previously. Many contend that two wrongs don’t make a right, and executing for murdering is untrustworthy. So as to completely comprehend the plot of the film, you need to take a front seat to the false reverence, all things considered, and comprehend that whatever power is applied, another power of equivalent worth is made. It’s the exercise in careful control of life. V may have disturbed the standards that we as people are given to accept, yet he was just battling the battle that was definitely going to be battled. The film not just gives us a brief look to the potential detestable and manipulative individuals of the world, yet in addition encourages us to comprehend that occasionally savagery is vital. At the point when activities are so horrendous, so antagonistic, thus extraordinary that individuals dismiss good and bad, and figure out how to acknowledge the unsatisfactory, passing is the main genuine decision for a few. V let England realize that individuals like this would not go on without serious consequences. In spite of the fact that brutality was utilized, the thoughts and imagery were the genuine significance, and thoughts are impenetrable.

Portfolio (R) Example

Portfolio (R) Example Portfolio (R) â€" Coursework Example > CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGYSITE CONDITIONSSite Conditions and Constraints (Inner City Sites) and the Reuse of Building PlotsSite conditions are the physical conditions of the construction site, adjacent property, and all access roads in and around the site. There is a policy of observing and documenting thephysical conditions of the site during all phases of a project (Martin, 96). These are in both written and photographic records. This documentation is valuable for assisting in the restoration of the site to its original condition including physical features and topography at the close of the project, determining damages and settling claims, and in communicating the progress of the project to the public and the authorities. The construction technique and working faces for excavation are influenced by site accessibility/high overburden conditions, restricting the provision of access tunnel or shaft (Garg Dayal, 01). Filled and Contaminated SitesWhen dealing with a filled site, a pro spective contractor should consider the uncertainties on how the site filled and what happens when it is later developed. The fill may be needed to provide a level area for parking cars or storing materials, or to provide space for a garden or play area. In some instances, a site is filled to cover up a swampy depression or poor soil, such as peat. Some people mistakenly believe that hiding the problem solves it. The range in the quality of fill is even wider. People take what they get such as loam, silt, wood, ash, building rubble from demolition projects, sometimes even sand and gravel. The homeowners, farmers and others who do the filling are often unaware that engineering is required or they are unwilling to spend the money to construct an engineered fill. Most often, the result rarely conforms to good construction practice. Contaminated site is a site at which hazardous substances occur at concentrations above background levels and where assessment indicates it poses, or is l ikely to pose an immediate or long-term hazard to human health or the environment. For an area of land to meet this definition of a contaminated site it must be an identified delineated area of land (a site) such as a landfill or a transport depot. The contaminated also has an identified contaminant (a hazardous substance) at a known concentration present in soils on the site, or discharging from the site. It also has the identified contaminant in concentrations that are higher than what would “normally” be expected for a non-contaminated site and because of the contaminant’s location and concentration, pose a threat to people and/or the environment. Hazardous substances could pose a threat to people or the environment through various physical and chemical properties such as carcinogenicity, toxicity, corrosiveness, explosiveness, combustibility and asphyxiation. It can be seen that the contamination of land and its surrounding areas, can be vary in both its nature and degree of severity. However, in many instances, land contamination can be related to site usage. Establishing a site’s current and historic land use is a worthwhile starting point in any risk assessment as it can provide important clues to the nature of the contamination and the types of contaminants that could be present.

My Reflection On Yoga Practice - 1417 Words

The data is collected on my own experience, and I used to practice my daily yoga practice with an APP called KEEP. During the 21-day challenge, I practiced yoga practically in the morning and practiced yoga from 8:00 to 9:00 daily. I practiced yoga training flexibly. Then I take a rest for 20 minutes. During the 21 days of challenge, I had a physiological cycle, so I took two days off. After I had a rest, I continued the physiology of four-day geriatric training, and then I was still practicing yoga flexibly until the end. The practice lasted an hour from start to finish. During this time, I recorded my physical and psychological changes. Finally, I use the statistical 21-day data to draw conclusions. In order to prevent data from being†¦show more content†¦Stage 3: From the 11th day to the last 21 days. I thought I was accustomed to formal training, easier to complete than before. I can overcome the resistance. At this stage, I started to enjoy this exercise. During the practice, yoga steps can ease my tension and depression. After practicing yoga every day, I feel that the whole body is full of energy and I have more energy to devote myself to other things. Variety: The 21-day challenge has brought some changes in mind and body. The significant drop in anxiety scores after practicing yoga and meditation clearly demonstrated the beneficial effect of yoga on women s stress (Li Goldsmith, 2012). In addition, there are some changes in my body. Yoga training can not only strengthen my health, but also help my sleep. Due to physical exertion, I started to get out of the habit of staying up late. Before this challenge, I always stayed up late, even asleep around 1:30. During my training, I can fall asleep before 11pm. Moreover, yoga has become my daily habit, there is no complete challenge to end. Discussion The 21-day challenge is to study whether yoga practice can be an alternative and complementary treatment for women s stress. 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Increasing Data Center Efficiency By Reallocation Of...

Increasing Data Center Efficiency By Reallocation of Virtual Machines Dynamically Abstract Present operating system virtualization skill allows the live migration of virtual servers between physical hosts after the primary consolidation. This provides latest avenue for performance optimization. The paper aims on improving the data centers efficiency by dynamic reallocation ie.in response to demand changes of virtual machines between physical servers. It allows to estimate the reduction in the number of physical servers required to host the workload. Keywords: Live Migration, Operating system virtualization, dynamic reallocation. Introduction Traditional data centers consist of a large number of physical machines, each executing a single instance of an operating system. For example, a certain group of servers supports email function and executes Linux with an appropriate set of programs for email handling. Another group of servers may run Windows providing access for remote users to office applications. Installing new application usually means purchasing a new physical server and installing a new instance of an operating system and the application. Capacity of the servers needs to be planned to handle peak loads of applications resulting in a relatively low utilization leading to wasteful power consumption and maintenance costs. A popular way of addressing this problem is server consolidation. It is an optimization approach that leverages technique called operatingShow MoreRelatedChallenges Faced By The Indian Banking Sector Essay9850 Words   |  40 Pagesglobalize and people of Indian origin increase their investment in India, several Indian banks are pursuing global strategies. The industry has been growing faster than the real economy, resulting in the ratio of assets of commercial banks to GDP increasing to 92.5 per cent at end- March 2007. 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Their study demonstrated that better estimates of the standard deviation of the performance appraisal variable could be obtained through a model based on the use of accounting data (return on sales) rather than the more commonly used subjective approaches. This study helps to enhance the legitimacy of utility theory for applications in real business environments.16 Page 12 STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Section One Read MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 Pagessources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mergers and acquisitions : current issues / edited by Greg N. Gregoriou and Karyn L. Neuhauser. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-230-55379-6 (alk. paper) 1. Consolidation and merger of corporations. I. Gregoriou, Greg N., 1956– II. 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Customer Service at Ll Bean Free Essays

Abstract: This case discusses the customer service initiatives of LL Bean, Inc, a US-based multichannel retailer. LL Bean had evolved from being a mail order company selling hunting boots into a leading international retailer selling apparels, home furnishings and outdoor equipment. Its endeavor was to deliver quality products at reasonable prices and offer excellent customer service to customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Service at Ll Bean or any similar topic only for you Order Now In its 98-year long history, the company had preserved the customer-centric tradition set by the founder and had, over the years, molded its operational policies to provide superior purchasing experience to customers. The company believed that a satisfied customer helped build customer loyalty and encouraged repeat purchases, which were essential to achieve success in the retail business. The case discusses in detail the customer-friendly policies of LL Bean and the customer service practices that had resulted in its being recognized as a customer service champion by consumers and industry observers. This also helped the company to perform better than its rivals during the global economic recession of 2007-2009. Experts felt that the company’s superior customer service provided it with a competitive edge. The case will help students to: (1) understand the importance of customer service, particularly in the retail industry; (2) study the customer-centric policies of LL Bean and the various practices that the retailer followed to provide superior customer service; (3) understand how the customer-centric policies and practices contributed to the success of LL Bean; and (4) explore strategies that LL Bean could adopt in the future to attract more customers. This case is designed for MBA / MS students and is intended to be part of the marketing management curriculum. It can also be used in the business strategy curriculum. The teaching note includes the abstract, teaching objectives and methodology, assignment questions, feedback of the case discussion, and additional readings and references. It does not contain an analysis of the case. How to cite Customer Service at Ll Bean, Papers

Medicare Reform an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Medicare Reform Introduction Medicare was enacted in 1965 as a compromise on the road toward a comprehensive system of national health insurance. The Medicare program, enacted on July 30, 1965, as Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, is the most important piece of health insurance legislation in U.S. history like most great compromises, its original design reflected prevailing concepts about health benefits and health care delivery that have changed substantially in the last thirty-five years. As the second largest social insurance program in the United States after Social Security, Medicare continues to provide tremendous benefit to beneficiaries and their families, who might otherwise individually bear the entire health care costs associated with aging. More than a safety net, Medicare gives seniors and the disabled access to the highest-quality health care. But as the United States enters the twenty-first century, Medicare is facing several significant challenges that threaten the very principles on which the program was originally based. Need essay sample on "Medicare Reform" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Effect on Health Care Because capitation creates incentives for health plans to reduce utilization and possibly to stint on needed services, increased attention has been focused on measuring quality of care and health plan performance. A review of the literature performed by Robert Miller and Harold Luft (1997) showed mixed evidence regarding the quality of clinical care provided by managed care organizations in general. This should be unsurprising, since HMOs across the country differ greatly in the populations served, local market conditions, the amount of care delegated to physician organizations, and physician payment incentives. In its final form, Medicare included two parts, Hospital Insurance (Part A) and Supplementary Medical Insurance (Part B). The major benefits covered under Part A originally were ninety days of hospital care per episode of care plus sixty lifetime reserve days, one hundred days of post-hospital care per episode in a skilled nursing facility (SNF) if preceded by an inpatient admission, one hundred post-hospital home health visits per year, and one hundred ninety lifetime days of inpatient psychiatric care. Hospice benefits were added later, and home health care was shifted to Part B. Part B covered most physician services, outpatient hospital services, and durable medical equipment. There was no coverage for outpatient prescription drugs, nor any limit on a beneficiary's out-of-pocket expenses. The original Medicare benefits package remains essentially unchanged. Impact on Cost Medicare program has imposed increasing financial burdens on beneficiaries. From a system wide perspective, the impact of premium support on beneficiaries would depend on where the level of government support is set relative to the current Part B premium and average expenditures for Medigap premiums. Since a principal goal of the premium support approach is to limit the federal government's financial obligation, the federal contribution could be expected to decrease as a proportion of the total premium if health costs resume a high rate of growth. By definition, the financial burden on beneficiaries would increase. All beneficiaries in traditional Medicare currently pay the same premium for Part B and face the same deductibles and coinsurance rates. Under premium support, health plans would be free to vary each of these factors. The financial impact on beneficiaries would differ depending on the premiums offered by health plans in their area and which plan they chose. In fact, this is the intent of premium supportto create a financial incentive for beneficiaries to select a lower-cost health plan. Impact on Quality However, health plan premiums may not reflect true differences in efficiency and quality, but instead differences in health status that cannot be fully accounted for because of inadequate risk-adjustment mechanisms. Without adequate risk-adjusters, beneficiaries with severe disabilities or chronic illnesses may receive better care if they remain in the traditional program. In addition, not all beneficiaries live in markets with sufficient health plan competition, so beneficiaries in these markets could be subject to significantly higher costs. One study estimated out-of-pocket costs for traditional Medicare or a high-priced private plan could reach more than 39 percent of beneficiary income by 2025 (Moon, 1999). Overall, no significant differences were found in the clinical quality of care provided by HMOs and FFS health plans. Their review did note several studies in which chronically ill and vulnerable patients had significantly worse outcomes when enrolled in an HMO in comparison with traditional Medicare. A Florida study showed that Medicare HMOs in the state enrolled beneficiaries who were healthier than those who stayed in traditional Medicareand that health plan members were more likely to disenroll when they incurred higher utilization, that is, when they became sicker (Dudley et. al., 1998). Evidence on member satisfaction is mixed as well.78 Enrollees in FFS plans generally are more satisfied with the nonfinancial aspects of care, such as quality of physician interaction and access to specialists. HMO enrollees tend to be more satisfied with their cost of care in comparison with the out-of-pocket costs incurred by enrollees in an FFS plan. However, individuals with chronic illness enrolled in managed care plans report a significantly higher level of dissatisfaction than chronically ill persons in an FFS health plan (Druss et al., 2000). In Favor Group The program was positioned as a solution to the financial difficulties of the elderly that resulted from use of medical services, particularly costly hospitalization, rather than one that would comprehensively address their health needs. As a strategy to temper the AMa's opposition, physician services were not included in the initial Medicare proposals. Between 1958 and 1963, numerous congressional hearings and intense lobbying took place on the subject of Medicare. Although it was now generally accepted that there was strong public support for a program of health insurance for the elderly, there was vociferous debate between social insurance and welfare advocates regarding the benefits and structure of the program and whether it should be administered by the federal government or by the states. President John F. Kennedy strongly supported providing hospital insurance for the elderly through the Social Security program. However, he was unable to obtain the support of the majority on the House Ways and Means Committee, which had authority for proposed legislation requiring new federal expenditures and whose members included a conservative coalition of Republicans and Southern Democrats opposed to expansion of federal programs. Finally, the landslide Democratic victories in the 1964 elections led President Lyndon Johnson to make hospi tal insurance for the elderly the first piece of legislation introduced into both houses of Congress as part of his Great Society program. Opposed Group There is probably no element more important to equitable implementation of a competitive market approach to Medicare reform than developing an adequate risk-adjustment mechanism. In a social insurance program such as traditional Medicare, risk is pooled so those beneficiaries with extensive health needs pay the same premium as do those who are healthy. Traditional FFS offers an incentive to provide additional services to those with the greatest need, even if this incentive results in overprovision of care. Medicare HMOs, however, receive a fixed amount per beneficiary, which creates an incentive to attract the healthiest members and to provide fewer services. As noted by one recent report, [t]he more the Medicare beneficiary risk pool is split up, the greater the burden on the risk-adjustment mechanism to protect universal access (Urban Institute, 1999). In 1996, 5 percent of elderly Medicare beneficiaries accounted for 45 percent of program. In its purest form, defined contribution would limit the obligation of the federal government by providing beneficiaries a fixed dollar amount with which they would purchase their own health insurance in the private market. The amount of the government contribution would be adjusted for inflation using a standard economic indicator such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the GDP. Thus, federal Medicare expenditures would be fixed at a targeted level, equal to the government's contribution multiplied by the number of eligible beneficiaries, and beneficiaries would pay any difference between the cost of the plan they chose and the federal contribution. Conclusion Medicare was implemented in 1965 as an incremental step toward national health insurance in the United States. Thirty-five years later, it survives as the country's second largest social insurance program and is likely to continue well into the twenty-first century as a separate program. The fundamental challenge facing the future of Medicare is whether it will continue to be a defined benefits program, or whether it will transition to a defined contribution program. When Medicare was enacted, a founding principle was that it was supposed to reflect mainstream medicine, including mainstream delivery and payment methodologies. One obvious question regarding the future of Medicare is whether various reform proposals are consistent with this original principle. Despite the substantial movement during the past two decades toward defined contributions for pension benefits in the private sector, defined contributions for health benefits are still not common (Marquis & Long,1999). Before be ginning a grand experiment with the future of Medicare, perhaps policy makers should wait until the private market fully embraces this reform. In the meantime, incremental efforts to expand benefits and offer additional subsidies to low-income beneficiaries are likely to reduce existing disparities within the program and to improve the health and financial stability of those who are most vulnerable. REFERENCES Druss, B. A., Schlesinger, M., Thomas, T., and Allen, H. (2000). Chronic Illness and Plan Satisfaction Under Managed Care. Health Affairs, 19, 203209. Dudley, R. A., Miller, R. H., Korenbrot, T. Y., and Luft, H. S. (1998). The Impact of Financial Incentives on Quality of Health Care. Milbank Quarterly, 76, 649686. Marquis, M. S., and Long, S. H. (1999). Trends in Managed Care and Managed Competition, 19931997. Health Affairs, 18, 7588. Miller, R. H., and Luft, H. S. (1997). Does Managed Care Lead to Better or Worse Quality of Care? Health Affairs, 16, 725. Moon, M. (1999). Restructuring Medicare: Impacts on Beneficiaries. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute. Urban Institute. (1999). Can Competition Improve Medicare? A Look at Premium Support. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, p. 16.

Painting Critique Research Paper of Salvador Dali Essays

Painting Critique Research Paper of Salvador Dali Essays Painting Critique Research Paper of Salvador Dali Essay Painting Critique Research Paper of Salvador Dali Essay 1. Choose 3 books from the McCormick Library collection of art books.List them below with their call numbers. a. Dali: The Salvador Dali Museum Collection, oversized, 759.6, D143 b. Dalis Optical Illusions, 709.24, D143 c. Dali Dawn Ades, 709.24, D143, C.1 d. The Shameful Life of Salvador Dali, 709.24, D143 2. Page through these books until you find an artist or painting or style that particularly appeals to you.List the painting/ artist/style below. b. Painting is the Persistence of Memory 3. Using an encyclopedia of art or other print resources, find out some information on the artist, painting, or style.List your resources(s) below. a. I chose the encyclopedia and I found out that Dali was born May 11th 1904 and died January 23rd 1989. c. He is most known for his surrealism work 4. Using the internet (at the library or home), visit a virtual museum to find out more about this artist, painting, or style.List the internet site here. a. moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_ id=79018 a. That this painting hangs in the Museum of Modern Art in New York.This painting was made to look like a dream like state. I believe that Salvador Dali was considered as the greatest artist of the surrealist art movement and one of the greatest masters of art of the twentieth century.Dali was born in Figueres, Spain on May 11th 1904 at 8:45 in the morning. His birth name that was given to him was Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali Domenech.Needless to say trying to sigh that name to a piece of art just wouldnt look right to he shortened it to Salvador Dali.He was born as the second child to Salvador Dali Cusi and his wife Felipa Domenech Ferres.

What Is the SAT No Calculator Section 5 Tips to Do Well

What Is the SAT No Calculator Section 5 Tips to Do Well SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips While the prohibition of a calculator on some SAT Math questions might leave you worried, rest assured that you don't need a calculator on this section. In fact, having one would probably just slow you down! This guide will discuss the third section of the SAT: the Math with No Calculator section. Read on to learn the types of questions you can expect to see and how you can get a high score. But first, let’s go over the format of the SAT Math No Calculator section. How Is the SAT Math No Calculator Section Formatted? Let’s start with the basics: how much time you have and how the SAT Math No Calculator section is structured. This section always comes third, after the Reading and Writing and Language sections. It’s only 25 minutes long, making it the shortest section on the SAT. After you complete this section, you'll get a short five-minute break, at which time you can take out your calculator and start to get ready for the next section: Math Calculator. You’ll be asked to answer 20 questions. You'll have an average of one minute and fifteen seconds, or 75 seconds, per question. Of these questions, 15 will be multiple choice (each with four answer choices) and five will be grid-ins (also known as student-produced responses). You’ll fill in your answers to these five grid-ins on a special section of your answer sheet. Here’s how the Math No Calculator section breaks down exactly: Total Time # of Multiple-Choice Questions # of Grid-ins Time per Question 25 minutes 15 (#1-15) 5 (#16-20) 75 seconds Since the No Calculator section is the shorter of the two Math sections, it will only count for one-third of your total Math score. Now, let’s move beyond logistics and discuss the skills that will be tested on the SAT Math No Calculator section. You don't need a calculator to answer these questions- just a pencil and paper! What Skills Are Tested on the Math No Calculator Section? According to the College Board, the Math No Calculator section tests two major categories: Heart of Algebra and Passport to Advanced Math, along with problems that fall under Additional Topics. These categories focus on concepts such as linear equations, linear inequalities, functions, quadratic equations, graphs, geometry, and complex numbers. Unlike on the Calculator section, there are no Problem Solving and Data Analysis questions on the No Calculator section- these are the ones for which you must interpret data from tables and scatterplots or calculate ratios, rates, and proportions. The chart below shows exactly how many questions you can expect to find in each of the three major skills areas: Content Categories # of Questions % of No Calculator Section Heart of Algebra 8 40% Passport to Advanced Math 9 45% Additional Topics 3 15% Source: Official SAT Study Guide Some questions have multiple steps and require you to combine two or more concepts to work toward a solution. To gain a sense of how the Math No Calculator section tests the above skills, you can find official SAT sample questions below. Let’s take a look at how this calculator-free section tests these skill areas. This amphibian romantic wears his Heart of Algebra on his sleeve. How Does the Math No Calculator Section Test Your Skills? The Math No Calculator section won’t ask you to do long, complex calculations out by hand. For the most part, this section seeks to test your reasoning and problem-solving abilities. The College Board wants to ensure that you understand fundamental math concepts and don’t need to rely on a calculator to reach a solution. There will still be some arithmetic- e.g., basic adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing by decimals- but the majority of the problems will focus more on reasoning than on figures. Below are some official sample No Calculator questions. You’ll find two questions that fall into the Heart of Algebra category, two in Passport to Advanced Math, and one in Additional Topics. Notice how, for the most part, a calculator wouldn’t actually be useful at all for reaching your answer. The questions below are borrowed from the College Board’s collection of official SAT practice tests, a free resource that should definitely be part of your test prep. I also suggest checking out Khan Academy's SAT resources, though they shouldn't be a replacement for more thorough test prep. #1: Heart of Algebra This Heart of Algebra question asks you to solve for $x$ in an algebraic equation: If ${x-1}/3=k$ and $k=3$, what is the value of $x$? A) 2B) 4C) 9D) 10 To solve this problem, you could go through the following steps: #1: Multiply both sides by 3, so you're working with $x - 1 = 3k$ #2: Add 1 to both sides, leaving you with $x = 3k + 1$ #3: Then solve for $x$ by substituting $k$ with 3. Since $x = 3k + 1$, $x = 3(3) + 1$, or $x = 10$. This Heart of Algebra example represents an easy-level question. If you didn't solve for $x$, you could instead plug in the answer choices and work backward (i.e., which value of $x$ would equal 3). Either way you decide to solve it, this problem definitely doesn't require the use of a calculator. Answer: D #2: Heart of Algebra The following Heart of Algebra question is of medium difficulty; it tests your reasoning skills and understanding of an algebraic expression. While you could plug in numbers to make the scenario more concrete, the easiest way to solve this problem is to understand how to represent rates with algebraic variables. On Saturday afternoon, Armand sent $m$ text messages each hour for 5 hours, and Tyrone sent $p$ text messages each hour for 4 hours. Which of the following represents the total number of messages sent by Armand and Tyrone on Saturday afternoon? A) $9mp$B) $20mp$C) $5m+4p$D) $4m+5p$ This problem asks about the total number of messages Armand and Tyrone sent: The total number of texts Armand sent is his rate ($m$ texts/hour) multiplied by the number of hours (5). Your product for Armand's texts is 5$\bi m$. The total number of texts Tyrone sent is his rate ($p$ texts/hour) multiplied by the number of hours (4). Your product for Tyrone is 4$\bi p$. To get a total, you would add these two products together, leaving you with 5$\bi m$ + 4$\bi p$. If you were unsure about your answer, you could plug in sample numbers for $\bi m$ and $\bi p$ to check your reasoning. The easiest way to solve this problem, though, is to conceptually understand the relationship between rates and time, and how to represent this relationship with variables. Answer: C #3: Passport to Advanced Math This sample question tests your ability to manipulate an algebraic equation: $$m={({r}/{1,200})(1+{r}/{1,200})^N}/{(1+{r}/{1,200})^N-1}P$$ The formula above gives the monthly payment $m$ needed to pay off a loan of $P$ dollars at $r$ percent annual interest over $N$ months. Which of the following gives $P$ in terms of $m$, $r$, and $N$? A) $P={({r}/{1,200})(1+{r}/{1,200})^N}/{(1+{r}/{1,200})^N-1}m$ B) $P={(1+{r}/{1,200})^N-1}/{({r}/{1,200})(1+{r}/{1,200})^N}m$ C) $P=({r}/{1,200})m$ D) $P=({1,200}/{r})m$ The initial expression gives you $m$ in terms of $r$, $N$, and $P$. The problem asks you to solve for $P$ in terms of $m$, $r$, and $N$. To switch around the equation, multiply both sides by the reciprocal of the expression beside $P$. Basically, you can just flip the current expression, which gives you answer choice B. Answer: B Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! #4: Passport to Advanced Math The question below is the first example that requires arithmetic. While a calculator would be helpful here, the College Board wants to see that you can perform addition, subtraction, division, multiplication long hand. $b=2.35+0.25x$ $c=1.75+0.40x$ In the equations above, $b$ and $c$ represent the price per pound, in dollars, of beef and chicken, respectively, $x$ weeks after July 1 during last summer. What was the price per pound of beef when it was equal to the price per pound of chicken? A) $\$ 2.60$B) $\$ 2.85$C) $\$ 2.95$D) $\$ 3.35$ Since this problem asks when the price per pound of beef ($\bi b$) was equal to the price per pound of chicken ($\bi c$), you can solve it by setting $b$ as equal to $c$, or $2.35 + 0.25x = 1.75 + 0.40x$. Then, you solve for $x$ with these steps: #1: To avoid negative numbers, subtract 1.75 from both sides and $\bo 0.25\bi x$ from both sides. This leaves you with $0.60 = 0.15x$. #2: Divide both sides by $0.15$ to get $x = 4$. #3: The question asks about the price per pound of beef when both meats were equal, so plug in $x$ to solve for $b$. Your equation should look like this: $b = 2.35 + 0.25(4)$. #4: $b = 2.35 + 0.25(4) = 2.35 + 1 = 3.35$. #5: The price per pound of beef when it was equal to the price per pound of chicken was $3.35. Answer: D #5: Additional Topics in Math Finally, the following is an Additional Topics question that involves geometry (right triangles) and basic trigonometry. Here, you need to demonstrate an understanding of sin and cosine and how they relate to one another in a right triangle. Without knowing this relationship, you'd have a tough time answering this question. In a right triangle, one angle measures $x °$, where sin $x °=4/5$. What is cos$(90 °-x °)$? The easiest way to solve this problem is to recall the complementary angle relationship of sine and cosine: sin($\bi{x}$ °) $=$ cos($\bo 90$ ° $\bo − \bi x$ °). If you can recall this, you'll immediately know- without having to do any calculations- that your answer is $\bo{4}/ \bo{5}$. Answer: $4/5$ or $0.8$ As you can see, the No Calculator questions ask you to demonstrate a deep understanding of mathematical concepts. So how can you study to ensure that you comprehend these challenging questions? Read on for some study tips to use as you prepare for SAT Math. Let's talk strategy. How to Do Well on the Math No Calculator Section: 5 Tips Any prep you do for the Math No Calculator section will help you on the Math Calculator section as well. The following study tips, though, are especially essential for the No Calculator section. Tip 1: Study Key Concepts As you saw in the example questions above, many questions won’t ask you to do any calculations with numbers; instead, they'll require you to have deep knowledge of the underlying concepts and be able to apply operations to work toward a solution. In this way, some of the problems are more abstract and theoretical rather than based on figures and equations with real numbers. This shift, by the way, aligns more closely with the Common Core. Both the SAT and the Common Core standards now present math with fewer topics that are more in-depth. Some SAT critics have pointed out that this shift continues to benefit students who attend better-resourced schools whose teachers are well versed in the Common Core. If your math classes teach a curriculum that aligns with Common Core standards, then they should be teaching you key concepts in a way that will help you on the SAT Math No Calculator section. Outside of school, make time to study the key topics that will appear on SAT Math. Because of the College Board’s recent commitment to transparency, it shares exactly what those concepts will be. Algebra is especially important, and you’ll want to ensure you have a firm grasp of topics like linear and nonlinear equations, quadratic equations, and functions. Beyond the main topics shared by the College Board, make sure your SAT Math study materials break down each broad topic into its component subtopics. By covering each detail, you can fill in any gaps in knowledge. On this section, you can’t rely on a calculator to do any of the thinking for you; you need to show up with a strong understanding of the key concepts. Tip 2: Practice Close Reading Just as No Calculator problems emphasize your conceptual understanding over your ability to manipulate figures and carry out calculations, they also test your reading comprehension. You’ll have to be able to read a problem and figure out what steps it’s asking you to take. Word problems especially can be relatively involved, sometimes containing more information than is necessary for you to work toward a solution. That means it’s up to you to figure out which details are relevant and which aren't. Some of these problems, according to the College Board, feature real-world scenarios, such as calculating gas mileage or converting from one country’s currency to another. Of course, not all these real-world scenarios are part of everybody’s actual everyday experiences. Practice problems will help get you familiar with the types of scenarios that the College Board considers to be real world. Critics have suggested that this emphasis on word problems- along with the above mentioned alignment with the Common Core- could disadvantage some test takers, especially those who speak English as a second language. To prep for this section’s emphasis on reading comprehension, make sure to study with multi-step word problems. FAQ: Can I use my abacus during the No Calculator section? Sadly, no- you'll have to rely on your own counting skills. Tip 3: Brush Up on Your Arithmetic Skills For the most part, the No Calculator section prioritizes a conceptual understanding over the ability to carry out calculations. There are still a handful of problems, though, that will require you to do arithmetic. Without a calculator, you’ll have to be able to write out these calculations and solve them by hand. In example problem #4 above, for instance, you'd have to subtract and divide using decimal points. Although these are basic math skills, many students have likely grown used to performing these simple calculations on a calculator. As a result, you’ll want to brush up on your ability to write these operations out by hand quickly, efficiently, and with an eye for accidental mistakes. Tip 4: Show Your Work If you’ve been in any math class, you’re probably familiar with the much repeated math teacher mantra: show your work. Teachers don’t want you to seemingly pull an answer out of thin air; they want you to write out, step by step, how you worked through a problem. Not only does this demonstrate your understanding, but it also helps you catch any mistakes along the way. Just as you should write out any calculations you do, you should also write out the steps in other problems, whether you’re solving for $x$ or simplifying a multi-variable expression. Many of the No Calculator problems require multiple steps, so writing out your work will help you keep track of your thinking and avoid errors. Tip 5: Answer Hundreds of Practice Problems Answering practice problems should go hand in hand with reviewing key topics. Make sure you’re comfortable with the concepts and know when and how to apply them to realistic SAT problems. Taking timed practice tests will also help you develop your time-management skills and your ability to answer questions quickly and accurately. So where can you find all these practice problems? One place, of course, is the College Board. You can find automatically graded online practice questions and eight free official practice tests, which you can download and print out. You can also find problems of varying difficulty levels on Khan Academy, along with video explanations of the different concepts. Other options include SAT Math prep books and PrepScholar’s SAT prep program. Finally, you can use practice tests for the old SAT, as long as you make sure to adjust your focus for the current version of the SAT. (For instance, you’ll find fewer geometry problems on the SAT now but will need to add in some basic trigonometry practice.) After you answer questions and take timed tests, analyze your results. Figure out exactly why you got a question wrong and what you can do to fix your mistake next time. If you lacked core knowledge, study those concepts. If you made careless errors, work on your strategies for time management. Walk yourself through the answer explanations step by step to figure out how you can improve. By analyzing your results and using practice tests as valuable feedback for your approach to test prep, you can gear your math toward doing well on the SAT. As we draw to a close, let’s review the key features you need to know about the SAT Math No Calculator section. FAQ: If I can't use my calculator or my abacus, can I at least count on my fingers and toes? Probably, but it doesn't seem like the most efficient use of time. SAT Math No Calculator Section: Key Takeaways The Math No Calculator section is the third section on the SAT. It’s 25 minutes and consists of 20 questions: 15 multiple choice and five grid-ins. These questions cover Heart of Algebra, Passport to Advanced Math, and Additional Topics. Most questions draw on your conceptual reasoning skills. Calculations with equations and figures will be limited to basic arithmetic skills. As you prep, make sure to brush up on those arithmetic skills along with your word problem comprehension. Most importantly, you should show up to the SAT with a deep understanding of algebra, geometry, and basic trigonometry. Any prep you do for the SAT Math No Calculator section will also be helpful for the Math Calculator section. Above all, prioritize a strong grounding in the fundamental concepts that'll appear on SAT Math. As long as you do this, you won’t even miss your calculator as you work through the first SAT Math section! What’s Next? Has it been a while since you've done simple math without a calculator? Use our articles on adding and subtracting fractions, finding the average of a set of numbers, multiplication, common perfect squares, and inequalities to refresh your memory for SAT Math. For both the calculator and non-calculator sections, you may also find it helpful to go over our guides to the distributive property, completing the square, and graph quadrants, as well as our ultimate SAT Math prep guide. Do you find yourself rushing to answer all the questions on SAT Math? This guide is full of the best strategies to help you stop running out of time on SAT Math. Looking for the best books to study for the SAT? This fully updated guide discusses the best books currently available for prep for SAT Math. Are you a strong math student aiming for top scores? Check out our comprehensive guide for getting a perfect score on SAT Math, written by a full scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Scientific Method - Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scientific Method - Social Psychology - Essay Example Scientific method is highly instrumental to the success of social psychologists in carrying out their analysis. It is the application of scientific method of systematic observation that the conditions of humans are effectively studied. Through the scientific method of research, social psychologists are better informed on the way people feel, how they behave and the kind of thoughts that go through their minds (Feldman, 2009). Social psychologists cannot make observation without the use of scientific method and research as they make use of the advancement in technology to make precise and intricate observations about their subjects. This further emphasizes the role of scientific method in the field of social psychology as the more the improvement in research technology, the easier and faster the work of social psychologists would definitely be. It is therefore pertinent to note that social psychologists make use of different scientific methods of research, which includes; public opini on surveys, real world observations, case studies, and laboratory experiments to make their analysis and study. This further corroborates the role of scientific method in social psychology.

Global Finance Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Finance Environment - Essay Example Other than trade, globalization has affected the social realm through change in social relations and customs change in consumption patterns and lifestyles, and through important domain values like religion. Additionally, globalisation has affected the political ream through the widespread of multiparty democracies, pluralism, free elections, human rights, parliamentary systems, and independent judiciaries. This paper will focus on the global finance environment addressing some main drivers of globalisation, risks associated with globalisation, and the importance of cultural sensitivity to global finance issues. OECD statistics reveal an increasing trend in global trade patterns. Driving Forces of Globalisation The first main driver to globalisation is advancement in technology in the fields of ICT and transportation, which has reduced the costs of trade. Internet enables global interconnectivity where people can interact and pass information regardless of the physical proximity. With the interconnectivity, firms who have reached their full-scale production in their home country prefer to cross borders and secure other smaller companies. They do this through amalgamations, joint ventures, or partnerships. Internet has lowered the cost of transmitting and communicating information empowering multinationals. For instance, a company can have one CEO abroad who oversees all the operations of a company through the internet. Additionally, multinationals management team can use teleconferencing to communicate and hold meetings where each of them is contributing. With better technology, the cost of shipping has come down due to containerisation and bulk shipping. In addition, competition between airlines has lowered the costs of travelling abroad on business. Secondly, multilateral trade liberalisation has boosted globalisation. Globalisation involves creation of linkages between nations. One means of achieving interconnectedness is through reducing pre-existing barrier s to trade through liberalisation. Countries trading with each other have collaborated and reduced trade barriers between them increasing their potential to grow. Statistics reveal that over the last decade average tariffs has gone down from 30% to 10% in developing countries and from over 9% to 4% in developed countries. Successful economic reforms on the emerging markets have fostered globalisation. For instance, India’s economy was in a bad state in the early nineties and the country was almost defaulting in payment of its loans. Economic reforms like working in favour of a more open market and market-oriented economy has enabled the country to pick. Liberalisation was another move that enabled India to venture its products in the international market. In fact, India scrapped off the industrial licensing regime, reduced the number of areas reserved for the public sector, and reduced in tariffs and rates (Rodolphe, 2010). Lastly, migration is a main driver to globalisation. Often, people migrate in search of greener pastures or because of political instability in their country. Widening inequalities has increased pressure on the citizens to move. Statistics reveal that in America alone over 38 million of its population consists of persons born abroad. At least one person in 10 living in developed

Marketing Analysis of BQ | SWOT

Marketing Analysis of BQ | SWOT Introduction A strategy is developed by a consideration of the resources of the organisation in relation to its environment, the prime purpose being to add value Dobson (2004). According to Stredwick (2008), Strategic analysis is concerned with the strategic position of the organisation. It consists of the organisations values, culture, resources and its environment. It tackles the following questions: what are the key characteristics of the organisation, what changes are going on in the environment, and how will these affect the organisation and its activities. In addition, a detailed internal and external environmental analysis including an assessment of culture enables the organisation to make a strategic choice and also help in the strategic implementation. Therefore, the report will use different tools such as SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis in relation to Michael Porter five forces analysis to highlight where BQ (UK) is, and the environment it operates in, is strategically and where it could be in the future and the nature of competition. It looks at internal factors, the strengths and weaknesses of BQ, and external factors, the opportunities and threats facing the business. Besides, PESTLE (Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Legal and Environmental) analysis is another tool to be used to analyse the macro external environment. Johnson (1992) Cultural web will also be used for the assessment of BQ culture. BQ Profile BQ was the first national DIY retailer and has been in the DIY business for more than 30 years. Richard Block and David Quayle (BQ) wanted to bring value, longer opening hours and a broader product range to everyone. In the 1980s it bought the Scottish DIY chain Dodge City and eventually became part of the Kingfisher Group. Today, BQ is the UKs leading DIY and garden centre retailer and its stores offer approximately 40,000 inspirational home improvement and garden products for the homemaker, occasional to serious DIY and trade professionals. Swot Analysis of BQ UK Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities Threats (SWOT) analysis is a tool of environmental scanning aimed at analysing both the internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external environment (i.e. opportunities and threats) to see whether the organisation can seize new opportunities given its strengths and face new threats despite its weaknesses. Thus, a SWOT analysis is a well-rounded analysis which goes well beyond the internal environment. Strengths Leading brand and good reputation BQ is the number one leading brand in the UK and is twice the size of its competitor. It has a market size of  £31bn as regard to the size of repair, maintenance and improvement market. Being the number one position in the UK market, BQ has a major strength as they are ahead of their rivals. Furthermore, BQs reputation is strong and popular which means people view it with respect and believe in it, for example, BQ is supporting Prince Charles in his Preserve the Rainforest. Increased market share BQ has a market share of 14% where it employs 22,602 employees and has 321 stores in the UK (http://www.kingfisher.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=33 accessed [19/10/10]. Thus, BQ will continue to grow in the home improvement and garden sector. Their increased market share is a key to their success as it boosts reputation, profit and the value of the organisation. Constantly creating new, differentiated, Innovative and wide range of Products BQ offer around 40,000 products in stores. BQ also has its strong own-label such as BQ car boot protector, BQ Foot pump and so on. BQ has innovative, well displayed products and they are also continuing with their renewal programme which includes updating product ranges such as launching their first fair-trade products and designing more eco-products. Thus, BQs innovation keeps it a front-runner in the home improvement and garden centre as it is regularly re-launching and designing new products. Hence, having a product differentiation strategy makes BQ at a better competitive advantage. Sites BQ has some good positions and new opening opportunities. BQ has 321 stores in the UK. They also encourage more eco stores such as their eco flagship store is located in New Malden and boasts innovative developments such as 108 underground bore holes, 100 metres deep which heat and cool the store with energy from the earth. Moreover, for the first year 2010/11 half progress, three large and 1 medium stores revamp (kingfisher strategy progress, March 2010). Thus, this is a strength which shows the overall performance of the BQ. Adding value to the organisation Adopting Michael Porter (1985) value chain concept through all its primary and supporting activities, BQ Delivering Value programme of self-help initiatives is working well, meaning now it generates significantly higher profits and cash flow from its operations and a much better return on capital for its shareholders [www.kingfisher.com]. Technological strengths BQ have embraced technological advancement in their business. For example, it has their own website where customers can shop on line namely, www.diy.com, thus facilitating e-commerce. In addition, BQ intranet facility also helps in improving its internal communication system where policy and procedures of the company can be accessed to all employees. Furthermore, on the 4th august 2010, BQ has launched its first iDIY APPS which makes it easier for customers to get the job done by having BQ experts available for them whenever needed. It is new at apple store and free to download for I phone and I pad users. Moreover, a range of green technologies have incorporated into new stores at BQ. Good customer relationship management More than three million customers come at BQ (UK) doors every week. Thus, BQ has an extensive customer base, which is a major strength regarding sales and profit. Besides, BQ retain their customers by giving them the opportunity to create, design their own product according to their taste. BQ offer different types of discount for regular shoppers which also help in customer retention such as the diamond card which offer 10 % discount off to the over 60s every Wednesday off selected purchases or products, Trade Discount Card which also offers discounts for trade customers and Corporate Gift Cards which receive discounts for bulk spending. Effective Human Resource Practices BQ has been awarded again for the fourth year running the Gallup best workplace award. Besides, on the 22nd June 2010, BQ UK also scoops the top award at institute of internal communications [www.kingfisher.com]. BQ UK is also recognised for its constant emphasis on employee training in order to improve customer satisfaction. For example, 15 500 employees of BQ UK have completed a Retail Skills Level 2 NVQ or Home Improvement Knowledge Qualification awarded by City Guilds. BQ has a very experienced workforce which drives the organisation with knowledge and expertise. In general, we can therefore comment that BQ UK concentrate on the soft side of human resource management. They invest in people through good communications, teaming and training. A participative management style BQ has an organic or flatter organisational structure which reflects its culture. Employees are empowered and have freedom of expressing new ideas. Thus, BQ unlocks the potential of its employees. At BQ, they have been busy laying the foundations for future growth. For example, they recently launched a Dragons Den-style panel to help them filter new innovative and creative ideas from staff which is called the Innovation Den. This, therefore, encourages a culture of entrepreneurship and empowerment. Financial resources BQ has improved their financial performance; this can be proved by the key performance indicators such as the operating margin which has increased from 2.8% in 08/09 to 4.9% in 09/10. Thus, the rigorous focus on generating improved cash flow from operations, reducing the investment in working capital, whilst tightening controls over capital expenditure, has yielded a significant reduction in financial net debt [www.kingfisher.com ] Effective waste and recycling management Reducing waste help to improve efficiency of organisation, thus, so far BQ has 48 % less carbon emitted from waste. They have tried to manage their production in a systematic way through the use of technology. They encourage customers to return old products and packaging for recycling. Low threat of new entrance (one element of Porters five forces analysis) Being the market leader, having a market size of  £31bn, concentrating on product differentiation; economies of scale; having cost advantages; having high capital requirements and being part of kingfisher, the third largest home improvement retailer in the world, BQ, has low threat of new competitors. Bargaining power of suppliers: one element of Porters five forces analysis BQ maintain strong relationship with their suppliers, for instance, ensuring that their suppliers provide them with eco-friendly products. Thus, the bargaining power of their suppliers is low, which makes BQ having a competitive advantage. Weaknesses As per kingfisher business review, august 2010, BQ like to like sales has increased on seasonal products such as garden products; however, one weakness will be that sales of garden product will be reduced due to winter weather which will discourage customers to invest in their gardens. BQ website, diy.com, has a poor e-commerce ratings as they were ranked bottom overall, with customer scans of 50%. In addition, the site got only two star ratings for price and product out of five stars. Furthermore, they also have delivery issues; from over packaging and delays to time slots which shows how BQ is wasting both its time and resources and also reveals their inability to adapt quickly to change. Opportunities BQ is to expand its offer in to the trade market, with the triumphant trial of Trade Point stores in nine of its large UK branches. As customer tastes keep changing, for example many people prefer to use eco-friendly products, thus an opportunity will be to broaden BQs customer by offering several trials of new or expanded product categories. Thus, this will expand the product/service lines by BQ which could help them to raise sales and increase their product portfolio. In addition, products which are cash generators and are at the maturity stage on the product life cycle can finance the rising star at the growth stage and even the question mark that are at the introduction phase. To open more eco-stores, thus, meeting the companys aim of being a sustainable business. Integrate advanced ICT (information communication technology) in business process to improve efficiency and effectiveness such as having an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system. Reinforce its web design to facilitate effectiveness e-commerce. Redesigned and reduced the size of packaging on a number of lighting products, removing significant amounts of plastic and polystyrene. This will help in handling waste appropriately. Further international growth. BQ has several stores in the UK and Ireland. It also operates in china. BQ has a number of highly skilled staff, which is an opportunity for them to explore as expertise of their staff can help B Q to bring the business forward. Threats Industry Rivalry (one element of Porter five forces analysis) Focus (DIY) Limited; Wickes and Homebase Limited are the top UK industry rivalry. Homebase limited is the second market leader in home improvement and garden centre retailer in the UK. Homebase with its sister company Argos (750 stores) booming rapidly, shows a recorded sales figure of  £1.57 billion 2009/10 and profit margin was  £41.2 million 2009/10 (www.homebase.co.uk). Although, BQ are going to open some Trade points, Homebase has already a robust supply chain partnership with Argos. Being the first one to introduce loyalty cards, Homebase have an advantage in retaining customers. Homebase allow customers to collect and redeem nectar points. Even BQ has a system of processing nectar points, but this is available only on their website, even though, points are spent, not collected. In addition, Homebase is also recognised for choice, style and customer service across the wider home enhancement market. In addition, according to the Observer (31st October 2010, by Zoo Wood), analysts verdict stated that Homebase is planning to buy Focus (DIY) limited, if the acquisition is confirmed, BQ would be facing big competitive challenges, and may even lose its number one market position in the UK. Thus, the nature of competition where BQ operates is fierce. Tax increases can place additional financial burdens on BQ Changes in the way consumers shop and spend and other changing consumer patterns could be a threat to BQs performance For example, during the recession, many customers buying behaviour pattern changes, most likely, they will not spend money in home improvement or garden products. In addition, wallpapers colour paint can also be changed according to the colour fashion trend. BQ could be threatened by the high bargaining power of customers that they can influence BQ pricing strategies. BQ is susceptible to slowing UK housing market. For example, in the UK, sales declined by 2.6% to  £4.3bn in March 2009, as the recession hit consumers upgrading their homes. In addition, Kingfisher state that UK home improvement market has fallen down which will not only affect the sales, but will also affect the companys profitability and performance. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7965018.stm accessed [19/10/10]. Ultimately, when strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are identified, BQ implement the three strategies which can be formulated: a) matching strategies: match strengths with opportunities; b) conversion strategies: converting threats into opportunities and/or weaknesses into strengths; c) creative strategies: they can also be creative and try to identify hidden strengths. PESTLE Analysis of BQ PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, legal issues and Environmental) analysis is used as a tool to analyse the external macro environment. It deals with those six factors that affect the organisation. Although the items in a PESTLE analysis rely on past events and experience, the analysis can be used as a forecast of the future. Besides, Kotler (1998) claims that PESTLE analysis is a useful strategic tool for understanding market development or decline, business position, prospective and direction for operations Political Factors Employment legislation According to Balchin (1994), For employment legislations, the government supports retailers to provide a mix of job opportunities from flexible, lower-paid and locally-based jobs to highly-skilled, higher-paid and centrally-located jobs. BQ has a flexible workforce of 60%; BQ does provide work for a diverse of people, such as students; people aged 45 plus; and under 25. In addition, increasing the retirement age up to 66 year old by 2020 will make BQ to review its HR policies to formulate new strategies. Besides, due to the increase of tax (VAT 20%), BQ price strategies need to be reviewed. However, BQ has requested to the government and European Commission to reduce the VAT to 5% on energy saving products to make it affordable to all www.diy.com . BQ is working in partnership with the government to promote sustainable growth For example, BQ is helping the Government Launch of the Green Loan Pilot Scheme where BQ is partnering the London Borough of Sutton in an experiment of the governments new (PAYS) Pay as You Save Scheme www.crp-news.com . Besides, BQ is helping the government to provide security equipment at reasonable prices and as affordable as possible to secure 45,000 homes. Government also offers BQ with vouchers to help in preventing burglary (National Security). Thus, having a good relationship with the government may help BQ in the future, such as having tax breaks, good public relations and strengthen their reputation. Economic Factors Economic factors are of concern to BQ, as they are likely to influence demand, costs, prices and profits. One of the most significant factors of the economy is high unemployment levels which have mainly increased due to the recession. The recession causing an increase in unemployment has decreased the effective demand for many goods, adversely affecting the demand required to produce such goods. For example, in 2008 the UK home improvement market declined by around 4% as the economic environment worsened, impacting consumer spending. BQ was badly affected by the weak housing market, that have made them concentrate on different marketing strategies of how to attract; retain or acquire the customers. BQ GDP (Gross Domestic Product) estimates for 2010 is 1.5 % This really shows the contribution BQ has made to boost the economy by producing its product within the countrys border. A positive GDP also indicates an avenue for economic growth which leads to higher living standards and greater prosperity for individuals. It also supports businesses to be profitable, which creates employment and income. Increase interest rates by 4% in 2011 and an increase in inflation rates will affect both BQ and the consumers. Therefore, the economy is likely to experience falls in consumption and investment. Social Factors Shifts in values, culture and lifestyle Norms, values and paradigms form the socio-cultural environment. They have impact on corporate strategies. For example, there has been a shift of lifestyle where nowadays people are more concerned of the environment issues occurring, such as the Green House Effect, the widening gap of the ozone layer, and so on, thus, they are more prone to consume eco-friendly products which help in maintaining a sustainable environment. Thus, to adapt with this socio-cultural shift, has pushed BQ towards the being responsible to the environment and support ethical behaviour. For example, they have designed new eco products and open new eco stores by using green technologies, such as QUEST environmental management system. In addition, BQ social responsibility which can reflect upon its culture, are divided into four section: Their diversity strategy (value of respect for people), Environmental impact (life cycle and make up of products); Ethical (how and where to buy our products) and Community (their better neighbourhood approach). Demographic changes Demographic changes such as the ageing population and an increase in female workers have made BQ to review its employment policy, for example, this made them concentrate on benefits offered to older workforce. In addition, having an ageing population has also influenced BQ in developing different marketing strategies to retain older customers such as the diamond discount card which offer 10 % discount off to the over 60s. Source: Hogarth, T. and Michael C. Barth (1991) Moreover, families are nowadays having fewer children, and having an ageing population, will result in a shortage of skilled labours in the market. Thus, this had led to the recent introduction of legislations such as the entrepreneurs visa, point-based systems and working visa. Therefore, BQ should acknowledged these changes and review its employment policy accordingly. Education In order to promote children skills, BQ has launched its nationwide job done initiative by teaching children DIY skills as a curriculum for the future. In addition, to educate both women and men about the use of DIY tools, BQ has introduced its IDIY apps. Technological Factors Technology is a major micro environmental factor which has influenced the development of BQ products and services. The new technologies benefit both customers and the company: customer satisfaction increases as products are readily available, services can become more personalised and shopping more convenient (Data monitor Report, 2003). BQ utilises the following technologies: New tracking technology: BQ is using TaqMan operation campaign technology Decorating card technology Variety use of low carbon technologies including solar panels and ground source heat pumps for New Malden eco store. And, in the future, solar system can be used in most homes as a replacement for gas and electric heating. BQ joined SEDEX- a web-based system that provides a membership based data exchange where it provides them with greater visibility at all levels of their supply chain. Legal Factors Many government legislations and policies have a direct influence on the performance of BQ. For instance, Kingfisher retail board ensures that BQ adopt the code of practice to guarantee ethical business practices among its employees, suppliers, contractors and investors. For example, BQ has an anti-bribery and corruption policies and procedures in the light of the new UK Bribery Act 2010. The existence of powerful competitors with reputable brands generates a threat of intense price wars and robust requirements for product differentiation. The governments policies for monopoly controls and reduction of buyers power can limit entry to this sector with such controls as license requirements and limits on access to raw materials (Mintel Report, 2004; Myers, 2004). Thus to device politically correct pricing policies, BQ set reasonable prices for its products. Environmental Factors In 2003, there has been greater pressure on many companies and managers to recognise their responsibility to society, and act in a way which benefits society overall (Lindgreen and Hingley, 2003). Thus, in 2008, BQ signed a three year partnership with BioRegional to move towards becoming a One Planet Living business in order to reduce its impact on the worlds resources. BQ is awarded chain-of-custody certification for both Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification schemes (PEFC). In addition, Graiser and Scott (2004) state that in 2003 the government has planned to introduce a new strategy for sustainable consumption and production to minimise waste reduce consumption of resources and minimise environmental damage. Thus, this has pushed BQ in developing strategies such as making use of a new supplier measurement system call QUality-Ethics-SafeTy (QUEST) to ensure that the green policy is respected in accordance to the sustainability standards. However, BQ commitment is that they will force all timber products to be source certified, and also developed enforcing principles to engage its environmental campaign on suppliers. In this circumstance, question can be asked about power relations between BQ and suppliers: could other companies do what BQ is doing? Do BQ have that much power which it holds over its supply base? According to New (2003), he states that BQ does not have that power to change the way the supplier operates as green purchasing policies would vary between firms context. Assessment of BQ Culture According to CWL Hill G R Jones (2001), an organisational culture is the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organisation and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organisation. Cultural Onion What is right and proper? What the organisation should seek to achieve? The basic assumptions of the group The way we do things around hereCulture can be compared to an onion with three layers. Figure : Cultural Onion; source: Trompenaars Hampden-Turner (1997) Cultural Web One of the most commonly used ways of making sense of an organisations culture is to use the cultural web (Johnson, 1992). It is a schematic representation of the elements of an organisations culture in such a way that we can see how each element influences the paradigm. The cultural web theory is also a useful analysis for management as it represents the fundamental assumptions related to political, symbolic and structural aspect of the organisation. Figure : cultural web. Source: Johnson (1992) Cultural web theory application is an effective tool in assessing the cultural environment for BQ. As mention before, the cultural onion contains layers of norms, values, and paradigm and also the ways of doing business within and outside the company. Hence, the concept of cultural web is the demonstration of these actions taken for granted for understanding how they associate and influence the strategy (Veliyath and Fitzgerald, 2000; Johnson and Scholes, 2003). It is also used to bridge the gap between actual and desired culture through adaption of future strategies. Culture can be examined through the interpretations of how the organisation behaves, including, rituals, stories, structures, routines and systems. This shows the clues about the taken-for-granted assumptions (Paradigm). BQ has a very friendly, welcoming and supporting approach in the routine ways that shows how staffs behave towards each other, and towards those outside the company that can make up the way people do things. The control systems and measurements are continually under the management review to display the competence of the staff and bosses decisions. For instance, control systems on its quality of service, its strong environmental supply chain system, and the behavioural control of its staffs by having a good HR policy. The rituals of the organisations life are, corporate gatherings, the special events which BQ stresses what is mostly important and reinforce the way things are done. Symbols represent different basics such as Titles, Logos, uniforms or the type of language and expressions commonly used which becomes a shorthand image of the nature of the organization. BQ has already a recognised eye catching Orange colour as its logo as well as its uniforms. The brand and the logo signify a lot to people inside and outside the organisation. Nevertheless, BQ is recognised for using similar orange colour logo and store layout from the American giant DIY retailer, Home Depot, thus, the question is how innovative and unique is BQ as regard to its logo and brand positioning? What will happen to BQ if Home Depot comes into UK market? Power Structures are the core assumptions that contribute to the paradigm and are likely to be made by the most powerful management groupings in the organisation. And, as for BQ, its power relies in the environmental and ethics department, how to make people more committed to the environment and as well as to develop their core values. Continuous meetings and communication at every level of the organisations hierarchy signify a strong internal environment and a flat (organic) organisational structure. Conclusion The report entails a detailed environmental analysis of BQ including an assessment of culture. BQ had adopted influential identities by making their DIY model into a virus and outlaying it out into the culture via a range of channels: cultural sponsorship, consumer experience, political controversy, and brand extensions. The report has used mainly SWOT and PESTLE to conduct the environmental analysis. Although they are powerful tool for analysis, they do have some limitations. For example, they are only good for the person who makes it. For instance, in SWOT analysis strength can be seen as a weakness by another person. Thus, it lacks of validity and reliability. However, conducting an environmental analysis will help to formulate generic strategies for the company to have a competitive advantage. Furthermore, the industry life cycle can also be viewed as an extension of PESTLE analysis as it is a way of showing how certain PESTLE factors influence the development of an industry over time. For example, it was the changes of PESTLE factors that caused BQ to move from growth to maturity and back again. Besides, due to a dynamic environment, strategy formulation should be viewed as a route to continuous learning. The excellence of a formulated strategy and the speed of its implementation will hence depend on the quality of BQs intellectual and behavioural learning processes.