Comparison Of Memory Models Psychology Essay

Examination Of Memory Models Psychology Essay This task is going to look at the multi-store model Atkinson and shiffrins (1968) and levels of preparing Craik and Lockhart (1972) there is proof to help the two speculations and proof against. The article will right off the bat portray the multi-store model with a few examinations including Baddeley (1966) Peterson and Peterson (1959) and afterward a short depiction of the degrees of handling model with Craik and Tulvings(1971) and Tyler et al (1979) concentrates at that point will end with an assessment of the two models The multi-store model was the principal hypothesis of its sort, it was made to consider the manner in which memory is handled, and how we hold and store data and why some data remains with us for our entire life and other data is lost. Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968) accepted that when we take care of data it at that point goes into various stores and this decides if the data gets encoded into our drawn out memory or momentary memory. (Grahame Hill 2001) So right off the bat when data goes into our tangible store (tactile store meaning anything we contact, see , smell or hear) we have two or three seconds to take care of the data on the off chance that not the data will be lost always but rather whenever took care of, at that point it will become encoded into our momentary memory . Anyway in any event, when data is in our momentary memory on the off chance that its not practiced, at that point it can in any case be uprooted however on the off chance that practice has occurred, at that point its bound to be put away in our drawn out memory The Baddeley( 1966 ) study underpins the multi-store model, he set out to accomplish data on climate encoding in momentary memory was acoustic or semantic. He gave his subjects a rundown of four letter words. The rundowns were acoustically comparative and divergent and semantically comparative and different. He at that point read out the words multiple times, following the subjects was given a rundown containing all the words he had perused out however out of order their undertaking was to revamp the words once more into the right request this was to test the momentary memory His members that had been given acoustically comparative had most noticeably awful review with just 10% of review of words being in the right request and the remainder of the rundowns got a 60% to 80% review so hence transient memory has better acoustic encoding recollections. So this examination underpins the multi-store that we have a transient memory store. Generally the result is that multi-store model is the fundamental clarification of memory and is shortsighted and Baddeleys hypothesis recommend that the momentary memory is increasingly unpredictable.( Barbara woods 2004) Peterson and Peterson (1959 ) is likewise another hypothesis that bolsters Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 ) multi-store model with respect to momentary memory their examination tried the length of transient memory. They assembled various subjects and given them garbage trigrams ( ptr, rtw) they tried review following three second spans and afterward tried review following eighteen second stretches. This was to determine whether the data got encoded into their tactile store or momentary memory.( wwwcom) Their finding was that the subjects got a more noteworthy review 90% on the three second span and just 2% on the eighteen second stretch. This demonstrated we have a poor recollections when we dont have a verbal practice which concurs with Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 ) hypothesis that you need to practice data for it to be encoded into our memory stores Additionally there is Craik and Lockharts (1968) model that proposes that practice isn't the main type of memory and that its increasingly unpredictable so they considered the profundities of handling. This demonstrated indeed that the multi store model was excessively shortsighted. (Richard gross and Geoff rolls 2003) The multi-store model clarification is essential and it just clarifies encoding, stockpiling and recovery. Its an extremely oversimplified hypothesis that different physiologists have expounded on. Baddeleys ( 1966) hypothesis upheld the multi-store model that we have two separate memory stores present moment and long haul. The multi-store model doesn't clarify why we can recall data in our transient memory that we have not practiced. Levels of preparing Levels of preparing was made as an elective that tested Atkinson and shiffrins multi-store model Craik and Lockhart (1971) contended that practice alone couldn't clarify how individuals put away data in their drawn out memory, so they set out to demonstrate that data is progressively significant when its increasingly important. Craik and Lockhart (1971) accepted that it was down to how an individual prepared this data; the more profound it gets imbedded then progressively chance that it will get encoded into the drawn out memory and that they was three kinds of continuing Organization, Distinctiveness and elaboration. To demonstrate this they did an examination. (Richard gross and Geoff rolls 2003) Craik and Tulving(1971) assembled various subjects and indicated them a rundown of 5 letter things and afterward posed inquiries about the words. Questions was in three unique styles case rhyme and sentence questions, case question; would be is the word in capitals, rhyme question; does the word cap rhyme with the word and in conclusion sentence question; would the word cap fit into the sentence; the .. Is down the road. The subjects could just answer yes or no to the inquiries. Craik and Tulving (1971) at that point considered the discoveries, audit the appropriate responses that the subjects have given to discover which has the more prominent review so there for a more profound degree of preparing (Grahame slope 2001) (Richard gross and Geoff Rolls 2003) Their discoveries was supportive of sentence addresses which falls under semantic handling with the subjects recollecting 70% of the words so semantic preparing has a superior review at that point rhyme question which is phonemic preparing with the subjects recollecting 35% of the words for review and shallow handling the least with just 15% of the words being reviewed. So shallow handling takes less pondering and thus the data will be more averse to be put away in your drawn out memory. Phonemic the subjects needed to ponder the appropriate response, so a portion of the data got in encoded and semantic was the best generally speaking because of the way that the subjects needed to think considerably more so the data got encoded further so had the best review. (Nicky Hayes and sue Orrel 193l) Their are different examinations that have been made that have concurred and couldn't help contradicting Craik Lockhart(1971) hypothesis that its everything down to the profundity of handling to which you get review . a hypothesis that couldn't help contradicting the hypothesis was Tyler et al (1979) He did an exploratory investigation which included re-arranged words. two sets. One troublesome model rtoodc and one simple model doctro. Presently if Craik and Lockharts hypothesis was to be legitimized the subjects ought to have thought of a similar outcome as its a similar word so the profundity of the encoding ought to be the equivalent, so review ought to be the equivalent. The subjects showed signs of improvement review with the harder re-arranged word which recommends that the additional time you pay and exertion will show signs of improvement review. Levels of handling considers the impacts of preparing not simply practice and explains on more profound preparing, association, uniqueness and elaboration. Levels of preparing gives us approaches to improve memory discovering data that is particular. A contention against this hypothesis is who characterizes what profound handling is? Furthermore if semantic handling produces better review in this manner semantic preparing must be more profound prompting better review so its a round contention. Memory is a mind boggling framework with a tremendous measure of different therapists undertaking studies to attempt to discover an understanding into how we recollect data. The multi-store model even thou its an exceptionally fundamental and shortsighted it was an incredible first endeavor at getting memory and gave future clinicians some place to begin from. Atkinson and Shiffrins (1978) model doesn't clarify why some data needn't bother with practice yet at the same time gets encoded into our memory. Anyway in any event, when practice has occurred, its not in every case enough to move the data from present moment to long haul memory store. Despite the fact that with levels of handling the model is progressively expressive and investigates the various kinds of preparing. Be that as it may, the model doesn't clarify why these various sorts of handling lead to all the more likely review. Craik and Lockharts (1972) hypothesis likewise accept that semantic handling is more profound the n phonemic however there is no proof to demonstrate this. In this way the two models have shortcomings and both have proof that supports and backs up the models. The multi-store model is continually going to be the essential hypothesis that different clinicians expound on and along these lines this task is more for the multi-store model at that point levels of handling because of the way that there is more proof to help that there is distinctive memory stores and that when we get data it at that point gets encoded and whenever practiced quite possibly the data will at that point be put away into our present moment or long haul memory store.

Dystopian Society, V for Vendetta

V for Vendetta History tends to rehash itself. One of humanity’s most famous methods of expressing what is on its mind is through savagery. At the point when words are not, at this point enough to contend a point, human setbacks straightforwardly take care of the issue, yet emblematically make an impression on each one of those influenced also. Similarly as the American states battled against the British for Freedom when their voice was not, at this point heard, and similarly as the Islamic radicals utilized fear mongering to send a malevolent message to America, both V and Chancellor Sutler utilized brutality to increase a voice in a universe of turmoil. In the film V for Vendetta the watcher is invited to an oppressed world where the legislature controls its residents, however evacuates their security, social equality, general opportunities, and even manages what sorts of nourishments, occupations, and materials one is permitted. As the plot moves along, Chancellors Sutler’s activities to arrive at this oppressed world are uncovered. His utilization of organic fighting against the â€Å"weak† minorities of England was savage, however pitiless, unfeeling, and sickening. His goals were not for the prosperity of his nation, however for his own childish voracity and control. Chancellor Sutler had the option to exploit the turmoil, vulnerability, and dread inside the world and control the lives of his kin with lies and a nonexistent expectation. Then again, V took the dread that despite everything existed in peoples’ minds, however helped them to acknowledge they shouldn’t be apprehensive. In his plot to recover control on November Fifth he did made what could be his most significant move. He gave a broadly communicated discourse to the residents of his nation, uncovering and helping the residents to remember England what their administration was doing to them. He helped them to recuperate the way this new life, this life that they had gotten acquainted with, had thought about typical, was not in actuality a nation where â€Å"England would prevail,† but instead a nation which required a face, and a thought. V gradually made a mayhem, however not a confusion for the individuals, one for the legislature. V had the option to reverse the situation and help those to remember well known sway, power in numbers. These activities were all tranquil, in spite of the fact that V found it important to straightforwardly grab hold of the wellspring of the nations masked disturbance. His killings and deaths of the individuals mindful sent not another message of dread, yet a message of genuine expectation, and an improvement. Albeit both V’s and Sutler’s goals of mischief and expectation were all out alternate extremes, it’s difficult to deny the way that their activities were comparative. While V focuses on the administration and Chancellor Sutler pulverizes the nation’s security, both use brutality to let those clueless hear what couldn’t be heard previously. Many contend that two wrongs don’t make a right, and executing for murdering is untrustworthy. So as to completely comprehend the plot of the film, you need to take a front seat to the false reverence, all things considered, and comprehend that whatever power is applied, another power of equivalent worth is made. It’s the exercise in careful control of life. V may have disturbed the standards that we as people are given to accept, yet he was just battling the battle that was definitely going to be battled. The film not just gives us a brief look to the potential detestable and manipulative individuals of the world, yet in addition encourages us to comprehend that occasionally savagery is vital. At the point when activities are so horrendous, so antagonistic, thus extraordinary that individuals dismiss good and bad, and figure out how to acknowledge the unsatisfactory, passing is the main genuine decision for a few. V let England realize that individuals like this would not go on without serious consequences. In spite of the fact that brutality was utilized, the thoughts and imagery were the genuine significance, and thoughts are impenetrable.

Portfolio (R) Example

Portfolio (R) Example Portfolio (R) â€" Coursework Example > CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGYSITE CONDITIONSSite Conditions and Constraints (Inner City Sites) and the Reuse of Building PlotsSite conditions are the physical conditions of the construction site, adjacent property, and all access roads in and around the site. There is a policy of observing and documenting thephysical conditions of the site during all phases of a project (Martin, 96). These are in both written and photographic records. This documentation is valuable for assisting in the restoration of the site to its original condition including physical features and topography at the close of the project, determining damages and settling claims, and in communicating the progress of the project to the public and the authorities. The construction technique and working faces for excavation are influenced by site accessibility/high overburden conditions, restricting the provision of access tunnel or shaft (Garg Dayal, 01). Filled and Contaminated SitesWhen dealing with a filled site, a pro spective contractor should consider the uncertainties on how the site filled and what happens when it is later developed. The fill may be needed to provide a level area for parking cars or storing materials, or to provide space for a garden or play area. In some instances, a site is filled to cover up a swampy depression or poor soil, such as peat. Some people mistakenly believe that hiding the problem solves it. The range in the quality of fill is even wider. People take what they get such as loam, silt, wood, ash, building rubble from demolition projects, sometimes even sand and gravel. The homeowners, farmers and others who do the filling are often unaware that engineering is required or they are unwilling to spend the money to construct an engineered fill. Most often, the result rarely conforms to good construction practice. Contaminated site is a site at which hazardous substances occur at concentrations above background levels and where assessment indicates it poses, or is l ikely to pose an immediate or long-term hazard to human health or the environment. For an area of land to meet this definition of a contaminated site it must be an identified delineated area of land (a site) such as a landfill or a transport depot. The contaminated also has an identified contaminant (a hazardous substance) at a known concentration present in soils on the site, or discharging from the site. It also has the identified contaminant in concentrations that are higher than what would “normally” be expected for a non-contaminated site and because of the contaminant’s location and concentration, pose a threat to people and/or the environment. Hazardous substances could pose a threat to people or the environment through various physical and chemical properties such as carcinogenicity, toxicity, corrosiveness, explosiveness, combustibility and asphyxiation. It can be seen that the contamination of land and its surrounding areas, can be vary in both its nature and degree of severity. However, in many instances, land contamination can be related to site usage. Establishing a site’s current and historic land use is a worthwhile starting point in any risk assessment as it can provide important clues to the nature of the contamination and the types of contaminants that could be present.

My Reflection On Yoga Practice - 1417 Words

The data is collected on my own experience, and I used to practice my daily yoga practice with an APP called KEEP. During the 21-day challenge, I practiced yoga practically in the morning and practiced yoga from 8:00 to 9:00 daily. I practiced yoga training flexibly. Then I take a rest for 20 minutes. During the 21 days of challenge, I had a physiological cycle, so I took two days off. After I had a rest, I continued the physiology of four-day geriatric training, and then I was still practicing yoga flexibly until the end. The practice lasted an hour from start to finish. During this time, I recorded my physical and psychological changes. Finally, I use the statistical 21-day data to draw conclusions. In order to prevent data from being†¦show more content†¦Stage 3: From the 11th day to the last 21 days. I thought I was accustomed to formal training, easier to complete than before. I can overcome the resistance. At this stage, I started to enjoy this exercise. During the practice, yoga steps can ease my tension and depression. After practicing yoga every day, I feel that the whole body is full of energy and I have more energy to devote myself to other things. Variety: The 21-day challenge has brought some changes in mind and body. The significant drop in anxiety scores after practicing yoga and meditation clearly demonstrated the beneficial effect of yoga on women s stress (Li Goldsmith, 2012). In addition, there are some changes in my body. Yoga training can not only strengthen my health, but also help my sleep. Due to physical exertion, I started to get out of the habit of staying up late. Before this challenge, I always stayed up late, even asleep around 1:30. During my training, I can fall asleep before 11pm. Moreover, yoga has become my daily habit, there is no complete challenge to end. Discussion The 21-day challenge is to study whether yoga practice can be an alternative and complementary treatment for women s stress. 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Increasing Data Center Efficiency By Reallocation Of...

Increasing Data Center Efficiency By Reallocation of Virtual Machines Dynamically Abstract Present operating system virtualization skill allows the live migration of virtual servers between physical hosts after the primary consolidation. This provides latest avenue for performance optimization. The paper aims on improving the data centers efficiency by dynamic reallocation ie.in response to demand changes of virtual machines between physical servers. It allows to estimate the reduction in the number of physical servers required to host the workload. Keywords: Live Migration, Operating system virtualization, dynamic reallocation. Introduction Traditional data centers consist of a large number of physical machines, each executing a single instance of an operating system. For example, a certain group of servers supports email function and executes Linux with an appropriate set of programs for email handling. Another group of servers may run Windows providing access for remote users to office applications. Installing new application usually means purchasing a new physical server and installing a new instance of an operating system and the application. Capacity of the servers needs to be planned to handle peak loads of applications resulting in a relatively low utilization leading to wasteful power consumption and maintenance costs. A popular way of addressing this problem is server consolidation. It is an optimization approach that leverages technique called operatingShow MoreRelatedChallenges Faced By The Indian Banking Sector Essay9850 Words   |  40 Pagesglobalize and people of Indian origin increase their investment in India, several Indian banks are pursuing global strategies. The industry has been growing faster than the real economy, resulting in the ratio of assets of commercial banks to GDP increasing to 92.5 per cent at end- March 2007. 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Their study demonstrated that better estimates of the standard deviation of the performance appraisal variable could be obtained through a model based on the use of accounting data (return on sales) rather than the more commonly used subjective approaches. This study helps to enhance the legitimacy of utility theory for applications in real business environments.16 Page 12 STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Section One Read MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 Pagessources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mergers and acquisitions : current issues / edited by Greg N. Gregoriou and Karyn L. Neuhauser. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-230-55379-6 (alk. paper) 1. Consolidation and merger of corporations. I. Gregoriou, Greg N., 1956– II. 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Customer Service at Ll Bean Free Essays

Abstract: This case discusses the customer service initiatives of LL Bean, Inc, a US-based multichannel retailer. LL Bean had evolved from being a mail order company selling hunting boots into a leading international retailer selling apparels, home furnishings and outdoor equipment. Its endeavor was to deliver quality products at reasonable prices and offer excellent customer service to customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Service at Ll Bean or any similar topic only for you Order Now In its 98-year long history, the company had preserved the customer-centric tradition set by the founder and had, over the years, molded its operational policies to provide superior purchasing experience to customers. The company believed that a satisfied customer helped build customer loyalty and encouraged repeat purchases, which were essential to achieve success in the retail business. The case discusses in detail the customer-friendly policies of LL Bean and the customer service practices that had resulted in its being recognized as a customer service champion by consumers and industry observers. This also helped the company to perform better than its rivals during the global economic recession of 2007-2009. Experts felt that the company’s superior customer service provided it with a competitive edge. The case will help students to: (1) understand the importance of customer service, particularly in the retail industry; (2) study the customer-centric policies of LL Bean and the various practices that the retailer followed to provide superior customer service; (3) understand how the customer-centric policies and practices contributed to the success of LL Bean; and (4) explore strategies that LL Bean could adopt in the future to attract more customers. This case is designed for MBA / MS students and is intended to be part of the marketing management curriculum. It can also be used in the business strategy curriculum. The teaching note includes the abstract, teaching objectives and methodology, assignment questions, feedback of the case discussion, and additional readings and references. It does not contain an analysis of the case. How to cite Customer Service at Ll Bean, Papers

Medicare Reform an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Medicare Reform Introduction Medicare was enacted in 1965 as a compromise on the road toward a comprehensive system of national health insurance. The Medicare program, enacted on July 30, 1965, as Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, is the most important piece of health insurance legislation in U.S. history like most great compromises, its original design reflected prevailing concepts about health benefits and health care delivery that have changed substantially in the last thirty-five years. As the second largest social insurance program in the United States after Social Security, Medicare continues to provide tremendous benefit to beneficiaries and their families, who might otherwise individually bear the entire health care costs associated with aging. More than a safety net, Medicare gives seniors and the disabled access to the highest-quality health care. But as the United States enters the twenty-first century, Medicare is facing several significant challenges that threaten the very principles on which the program was originally based. Need essay sample on "Medicare Reform" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Effect on Health Care Because capitation creates incentives for health plans to reduce utilization and possibly to stint on needed services, increased attention has been focused on measuring quality of care and health plan performance. A review of the literature performed by Robert Miller and Harold Luft (1997) showed mixed evidence regarding the quality of clinical care provided by managed care organizations in general. This should be unsurprising, since HMOs across the country differ greatly in the populations served, local market conditions, the amount of care delegated to physician organizations, and physician payment incentives. In its final form, Medicare included two parts, Hospital Insurance (Part A) and Supplementary Medical Insurance (Part B). The major benefits covered under Part A originally were ninety days of hospital care per episode of care plus sixty lifetime reserve days, one hundred days of post-hospital care per episode in a skilled nursing facility (SNF) if preceded by an inpatient admission, one hundred post-hospital home health visits per year, and one hundred ninety lifetime days of inpatient psychiatric care. Hospice benefits were added later, and home health care was shifted to Part B. Part B covered most physician services, outpatient hospital services, and durable medical equipment. There was no coverage for outpatient prescription drugs, nor any limit on a beneficiary's out-of-pocket expenses. The original Medicare benefits package remains essentially unchanged. Impact on Cost Medicare program has imposed increasing financial burdens on beneficiaries. From a system wide perspective, the impact of premium support on beneficiaries would depend on where the level of government support is set relative to the current Part B premium and average expenditures for Medigap premiums. Since a principal goal of the premium support approach is to limit the federal government's financial obligation, the federal contribution could be expected to decrease as a proportion of the total premium if health costs resume a high rate of growth. By definition, the financial burden on beneficiaries would increase. All beneficiaries in traditional Medicare currently pay the same premium for Part B and face the same deductibles and coinsurance rates. Under premium support, health plans would be free to vary each of these factors. The financial impact on beneficiaries would differ depending on the premiums offered by health plans in their area and which plan they chose. In fact, this is the intent of premium supportto create a financial incentive for beneficiaries to select a lower-cost health plan. Impact on Quality However, health plan premiums may not reflect true differences in efficiency and quality, but instead differences in health status that cannot be fully accounted for because of inadequate risk-adjustment mechanisms. Without adequate risk-adjusters, beneficiaries with severe disabilities or chronic illnesses may receive better care if they remain in the traditional program. In addition, not all beneficiaries live in markets with sufficient health plan competition, so beneficiaries in these markets could be subject to significantly higher costs. One study estimated out-of-pocket costs for traditional Medicare or a high-priced private plan could reach more than 39 percent of beneficiary income by 2025 (Moon, 1999). Overall, no significant differences were found in the clinical quality of care provided by HMOs and FFS health plans. Their review did note several studies in which chronically ill and vulnerable patients had significantly worse outcomes when enrolled in an HMO in comparison with traditional Medicare. A Florida study showed that Medicare HMOs in the state enrolled beneficiaries who were healthier than those who stayed in traditional Medicareand that health plan members were more likely to disenroll when they incurred higher utilization, that is, when they became sicker (Dudley et. al., 1998). Evidence on member satisfaction is mixed as well.78 Enrollees in FFS plans generally are more satisfied with the nonfinancial aspects of care, such as quality of physician interaction and access to specialists. HMO enrollees tend to be more satisfied with their cost of care in comparison with the out-of-pocket costs incurred by enrollees in an FFS plan. However, individuals with chronic illness enrolled in managed care plans report a significantly higher level of dissatisfaction than chronically ill persons in an FFS health plan (Druss et al., 2000). In Favor Group The program was positioned as a solution to the financial difficulties of the elderly that resulted from use of medical services, particularly costly hospitalization, rather than one that would comprehensively address their health needs. As a strategy to temper the AMa's opposition, physician services were not included in the initial Medicare proposals. Between 1958 and 1963, numerous congressional hearings and intense lobbying took place on the subject of Medicare. Although it was now generally accepted that there was strong public support for a program of health insurance for the elderly, there was vociferous debate between social insurance and welfare advocates regarding the benefits and structure of the program and whether it should be administered by the federal government or by the states. President John F. Kennedy strongly supported providing hospital insurance for the elderly through the Social Security program. However, he was unable to obtain the support of the majority on the House Ways and Means Committee, which had authority for proposed legislation requiring new federal expenditures and whose members included a conservative coalition of Republicans and Southern Democrats opposed to expansion of federal programs. Finally, the landslide Democratic victories in the 1964 elections led President Lyndon Johnson to make hospi tal insurance for the elderly the first piece of legislation introduced into both houses of Congress as part of his Great Society program. Opposed Group There is probably no element more important to equitable implementation of a competitive market approach to Medicare reform than developing an adequate risk-adjustment mechanism. In a social insurance program such as traditional Medicare, risk is pooled so those beneficiaries with extensive health needs pay the same premium as do those who are healthy. Traditional FFS offers an incentive to provide additional services to those with the greatest need, even if this incentive results in overprovision of care. Medicare HMOs, however, receive a fixed amount per beneficiary, which creates an incentive to attract the healthiest members and to provide fewer services. As noted by one recent report, [t]he more the Medicare beneficiary risk pool is split up, the greater the burden on the risk-adjustment mechanism to protect universal access (Urban Institute, 1999). In 1996, 5 percent of elderly Medicare beneficiaries accounted for 45 percent of program. In its purest form, defined contribution would limit the obligation of the federal government by providing beneficiaries a fixed dollar amount with which they would purchase their own health insurance in the private market. The amount of the government contribution would be adjusted for inflation using a standard economic indicator such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the GDP. Thus, federal Medicare expenditures would be fixed at a targeted level, equal to the government's contribution multiplied by the number of eligible beneficiaries, and beneficiaries would pay any difference between the cost of the plan they chose and the federal contribution. Conclusion Medicare was implemented in 1965 as an incremental step toward national health insurance in the United States. Thirty-five years later, it survives as the country's second largest social insurance program and is likely to continue well into the twenty-first century as a separate program. The fundamental challenge facing the future of Medicare is whether it will continue to be a defined benefits program, or whether it will transition to a defined contribution program. When Medicare was enacted, a founding principle was that it was supposed to reflect mainstream medicine, including mainstream delivery and payment methodologies. One obvious question regarding the future of Medicare is whether various reform proposals are consistent with this original principle. Despite the substantial movement during the past two decades toward defined contributions for pension benefits in the private sector, defined contributions for health benefits are still not common (Marquis & Long,1999). Before be ginning a grand experiment with the future of Medicare, perhaps policy makers should wait until the private market fully embraces this reform. In the meantime, incremental efforts to expand benefits and offer additional subsidies to low-income beneficiaries are likely to reduce existing disparities within the program and to improve the health and financial stability of those who are most vulnerable. REFERENCES Druss, B. A., Schlesinger, M., Thomas, T., and Allen, H. (2000). Chronic Illness and Plan Satisfaction Under Managed Care. Health Affairs, 19, 203209. Dudley, R. A., Miller, R. H., Korenbrot, T. Y., and Luft, H. S. (1998). The Impact of Financial Incentives on Quality of Health Care. Milbank Quarterly, 76, 649686. Marquis, M. S., and Long, S. H. (1999). Trends in Managed Care and Managed Competition, 19931997. Health Affairs, 18, 7588. Miller, R. H., and Luft, H. S. (1997). Does Managed Care Lead to Better or Worse Quality of Care? Health Affairs, 16, 725. Moon, M. (1999). Restructuring Medicare: Impacts on Beneficiaries. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute. Urban Institute. (1999). Can Competition Improve Medicare? A Look at Premium Support. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, p. 16.